Radiation therapy – or radiotherapy – is a common cancer treatment that uses radiation (usually high-energy X-rays) to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be used independently or in combination with other treatments such as surgery or chemotherapy.
When radiotherapy is used
Radiotherapy can be used in the early stages of cancer or after it has spread.
It can be used:
Try to cure the cancer completely (palliative radiotherapy)
making other treatments more effective – for example, it can be combined with chemotherapy or used before surgery (neoadjuvant radiotherapy)
Reducing the risk of the cancer coming back after surgery (adjuvant radiotherapy)
Relieving symptoms if treatment is not possible (palliative radiotherapy)
Radiotherapy is generally considered the most effective cancer treatment after surgery, but how well it works varies from person to person.
Why is radiation therapy used?
Radiation therapy kills cancer cells, shrinks tumors, and relieves cancer symptoms. It may be your only treatment, or it may be used for:
Shrink tumors before other cancer treatments, such as surgery (neoadjuvant therapy).
Destroy cancer cells left after surgery (adjuvant therapy).
Kill cancer cells that have returned after previous treatments.
Radiation therapy can also destroy benign (non-cancerous) tumors that are causing symptoms.
What happens before radiation therapy?
For internal radiation therapy, you may need a physical exam and imaging. Your radiation oncologist will tell you how to prepare for the day of the procedure, depending on how much radiation you are receiving.
External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is a planned appointment called a simulation. Simulation is the step in the treatment plan that maximizes your treatment.
Simulations include:
Get into the position where you are sitting on the table as you would during a treatment session. Your radiation therapy team may use a cast or mask to hold your body in place. They will make sure your alignment is correct. You may get temporary or permanent markings (small dots) that indicate which parts of the body should receive radiation.
Scan You’ll get a CT or MRI scan that shows the location of the tumor. This information will help your care team prepare X-rays that target the tumor while sparing healthy tissue.
Simulation allows a radiation oncologist to determine your radiation dose and how you will receive it.
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